The relationship of H. Pylori infection and gastric cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32385/rpmgf.v23i4.10382Keywords:
Helicobacter Pylori, Dyspepsia, Duodenal Ulcer, Stomach Ulcer, Gastritis, Deglutition Disorders, Antibodies, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Breath Tests, Serology, Serum, Feces, Saliva, Pepsinogen A, Endoscopy, Cost-benefit Analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Predictive Value of Tests, Mass ScreeningAbstract
Introduction: The aim of this review is to assess whether there is a relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Method: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the NHS Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness; MEDLINE; EMBASE, Biological Abstracts and Science Citation Index-Expanded. We used the search terms Helicobacter pylori and (gastric or stomach) and (cancer$ or neoplasm$) and (systematic review$ or meta-anal$), and searched for articles in all languages and limited the search to humans. Evaluation of the Level of Evidence: We used the rating system of the American Family Physician journal: Level A (randomized controlled trial/meta-analysis); Level B (other evidence); and C (consensus/expert opinion). Results: H. pylori increases the odds ratio of gastric cancer in various studies. H. pylori is associated with the development of both types of gastric adenocarcinoma. On average only three per cent of those who carry H. pylori develop gastric carcinoma. The risk of gastric cancer is also increased if the individual has polymorphisms that result in the expression of higher than average levels of the cytokine IL-1ß. There is no evidence that nutritional supplements prevent gastric cancer. Conclusions: Gastric cancer is preceded by a long latency period. Infection with H. pylori is a primary cause of the precancerous cascade from gastritis to dysplasia, and eradicating H. pylori by antibiotic therapy results in a modest retardation of the cancerous process. The research to date reviewed above suggests that the best strategy is twofold. Firstly, focus on high risk individuals with known risk factors of H. pylori exposure treat them for H. pylori and screen them endoscopically for the development of early gastric cancers which can be ideally resected endoscopically. Secondly, screen younger individuals (< 45 years) at risk for H. pylori who have not been exposed to H. pylori for as long and treat them.Downloads
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